FDM-printed pH-responsive capsules for the oral delivery of a model macromolecular dye.

To this day, the oral delivery of biomacromolecules remains a major developmentally-oriented challenge. A combinatorial approach was followed at this study, to formulate an efficient carrier for the in vitro delivery of a model macromolecule, fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4 kDa (FD4). The model macromolecule was formulated in a self-assembling peptide hydrogel (ac-(RADA)4-CONH2), prior to deposition in a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-phthalate (HPMCP)-based 3D-printed capsule. Loading of FD4 was investigated for potential alterations on the structural (AFM) and gelling properties of the peptide carrier. Thermal analysis and morphological properties of the 3D-printed capsules were assessed by TGA, DSC and microscopy studies. For the peptide hydrogel, similar release profiles of FD4 were recorded in simulated gastric fluid pH 1.2 and phosphate buffer saline pH 7.4, indicating the need for a structural barrier, to protect the peptide carrier from the acidic environment of the stomach. The pH responsive character of the HPMCP-based capsule was evidenced in the release profiles of FD4 in a sequence of release media, i.e. simulated gastric fluid pH 1.2, simulated intestinal fluid pH 6.8 and phosphate buffer saline pH 7.4. The results supported the combinatorial formulation approach as a promising system for the efficient oral delivery of biomacromolecules.