Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Literature Review.
Mihnea MironMihaela BlajAnca Irina RistescuGabriel IosepAndrei-Nicolae AvadaneiDiana-Gabriela IosepRadu Adrian Crisan DabijaAlexandra CiocanMihaela PerțeaCarmen Doina ManciucStefana LucaCristina GrigorescuMihaela Cătălina LucaPublished in: Microorganisms (2024)
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and its subtype, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), remain two significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite the better understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms, etiology, risk factors, preventive methods (bundle of care principles) and supportive care. Prior detection of the risk factors combined with a clear clinical judgement based on clinical scores and dosage of different inflammatory biomarkers (procalcitonin, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myelloid cells type 1, C-reactive protein, mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin, mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide) represent the cornerstones of a well-established management plan by improving patient's outcome. This review article provides an overview of the newly approved terminology considering nosocomial pneumonia, as well as the risk factors, biomarkers, diagnostic methods and new treatment options that can guide the management of this spectrum of infections.
Keyphrases
- risk factors
- healthcare
- palliative care
- community acquired pneumonia
- respiratory failure
- case report
- quality improvement
- induced apoptosis
- emergency department
- pain management
- cell proliferation
- heart failure
- anti inflammatory
- adverse drug
- cell cycle arrest
- cell death
- acinetobacter baumannii
- drug resistant
- quantum dots
- health insurance
- acute respiratory distress syndrome