Interaction between gut microbiota and sex hormones and their relation to sexual dimorphism in metabolic diseases.
Jose Antonio Santos-MarcosMarina Mora-OrtizManuel Tena-SempereJose Lopez-MirandaAntonio CamargoPublished in: Biology of sex differences (2023)
Metabolic diseases, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), are now a widespread pandemic in the developed world. These pathologies show sex differences in their development and prevalence, and sex steroids, mainly estrogen and testosterone, are thought to play a prominent role in this sexual dimorphism. The influence of sex hormones on these pathologies is not only reflected in differences between men and women, but also between women themselves, depending on the hormonal changes associated with the menopause. The observed sex differences in gut microbiota composition have led to multiple studies highlighting the interaction between steroid hormones and the gut microbiota and its influence on metabolic diseases, ultimately pointing to a new therapy for these diseases based on the manipulation of the gut microbiota. This review aims to shed light on the role of sexual hormones in sex differences in the development and prevalence of metabolic diseases, focusing on obesity, MetS and T2D. We focus also the interaction between sex hormones and the gut microbiota, and in particular the role of microbiota in aspects such as gut barrier integrity, inflammatory status, and the gut-brain axis, given the relevance of these factors in the development of metabolic diseases.
Keyphrases
- metabolic syndrome
- type diabetes
- insulin resistance
- risk factors
- mental health
- sars cov
- weight loss
- multiple sclerosis
- oxidative stress
- white matter
- weight gain
- pregnant women
- body mass index
- adipose tissue
- high fat diet induced
- uric acid
- skeletal muscle
- smoking cessation
- brain injury
- postmenopausal women
- subarachnoid hemorrhage
- cerebral ischemia