The Role of FNDC5/Irisin in Cardiovascular Disease.

Disorders of cardiomyocyte metabolism play a crucial role in many cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction, heart failure and ischemia-reperfusion injury. In myocardial infarction, cardiomyocyte metabolism is regulated by mitochondrial changes and biogenesis, which allows energy homeostasis. There are many proteins in cells that regulate and control metabolic processes. One of them is irisin (Ir), which is released from the transmembrane protein FNDC5. Initial studies indicated that Ir is a myokine secreted mainly by skeletal muscles. Further studies showed that Ir was also present in various tissues. However, its highest levels were observed in cardiomyocytes. Ir is responsible for many processes, including the conversion of white adipose tissue (WAT) to brown adipose tissue (BAT) by increasing the expression of thermogenin (UCP1). In addition, Ir affects mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, the levels of FNDC5/Ir in the blood and myocardium may be important in cardiovascular disease. This review discusses the current knowledge about the role of FNDC5/Ir in cardiovascular disease.