Association between primary Sjögren's syndrome and gut microbiota disruption: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Evidence of gut microbiota disruption for numerous autoimmune diseases has accumulated. Recently, the relationship between the microbiota and primary Sjögren's disease has been increasingly investigated but has yet to be systematically elucidated. Therefore, a meta-analysis of publications dealing on topic was conducted. Case-control studies comparing primary Sjögren's syndrome patients and healthy controls (HCs) were systematically searched in nine databases from inception to March 1, 2023. The primary result quantitatively evaluated in this meta-analysis was the α-diversity. The secondary results qualitatively extracted and analyzed were the β-diversity and relative abundance. In total, 22 case-control studies covering 915 pSS patients and 2103 HCs were examined. The quantitative analysis revealed a slight reduction in α-diversity in pSS patients compared to HCs, with a lower Shannon-Wiener index (SMD =  - 0.46, (- 0.68, - 0.25), p < 0.0001, I 2  = 71%), Chao1 richness estimator (SMD =  - 0.59, (- 0.86, - 0.32), p < 0.0001, I 2  = 81%), and ACE index (SMD =  - 0.92, (- 1.64, - 0.19), p = 0.01, I 2  = 86%). However, the Simpson index (SMD = 0.01, (- 0.43, 0.46) p = 0.95, I 2  = 86%) was similar in the two groups. The β-diversity significantly differed between pSS patients and HCs. Variations in the abundance of specific microbes and their metabolites and potential functions contribute to the pSS pathogenesis. Notably, the abundance of the phylum Firmicutes decreased, while that of Proteobacteria increased. SCFA-producing microbes including Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Faecalibacterium, Butyricicoccus, and Eubacterium hallii were depleted. In addition to diversity, the abundances of some specific microbes were related to clinical parameters. According to this systematic review and meta-analysis, gut microbiota dysbiosis, including reduced diversity, was associated with proinflammatory bacterium enrichment and anti-inflammatory bacterium depletion in pSS patients. Further research on the relationship between the gut microbiota and pSS is warranted.