Genome Studies in Four Species of Calendula L. (Asteraceae) Using Satellite DNAs as Chromosome Markers.

The taxonomically challenging genus Calendula L. (Asteraceae) includes lots of medicinal species characterized by their high morphological and karyological variability. For the first time, a repeatome analysis of a valuable medicinal plant Calendula officinalis L. was carried out using high-throughput genome DNA sequencing and RepeatExplorer/TAREAN pipelines. The FISH-based visualization of the 45S rDNA, 5S rDNA, and satellite DNAs of C. officinalis was performed on the chromosomes of C. officinalis , C. stellata Cav., C. tripterocarpa Rupr., and C. arvensis L. Three satellite DNAs were demonstrated to be new molecular chromosome markers to study the karyotype structure. Karyograms of the studied species were constructed, their ploidy status was specified, and their relationships were clarified. Our results showed that the C. officinalis karyotype differed from the karyotypes of the other three species, indicating its separate position in the Calendula phylogeny. However, the presence of common repeats revealed in the genomes of all the studied species could be related to their common origin. Our findings demonstrated that C. stellata contributed its genome to allotetraploid C. tripterocarpa , and C. arvensis is an allohexaploid hybrid between C. stellata and C. tripterocarpa . At the same time, further karyotype studies of various Calendula species are required to clarify the pathways of chromosomal reorganization that occurred during speciation.