A two-stage combined anterolateral and endoscopic endonasal approach to the petroclival region: an anatomical study and clinical application.

A combined open-endoscopic paradigm is proposed for managing large PCMs. This approach incorporates the EEFM approach to address the limitations of the PTAP and the CP approach in a systematic fashion. Understanding the anatomical findings of this study will aid in tailoring surgical approaches to patients with these complex lesions.