Protective mechanisms of nonneutralizing antiviral antibodies.
Tawny L ChandlerAgnes YangClaire E OteroSallie R PermarSarah L CaddyPublished in: PLoS pathogens (2023)
Antibodies that can bind to viruses but are unable to block infection in cell culture are known as "nonneutralizing antibodies." Such antibodies are nearly universally elicited following viral infection and have been characterized in viral infections such as influenza, rotavirus, cytomegalovirus, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2. It has been widely assumed that these nonneutralizing antibodies do not function in a protective way in vivo and therefore are not desirable targets of antiviral interventions; however, increasing evidence now shows this not to be true. Several virus-specific nonneutralizing antibody responses have been correlated with protection in human studies and also shown to significantly reduce virus replication in animal models. The mechanisms by which many of these antibodies function is only now coming to light. While nonneutralizing antibodies cannot prevent viruses entering their host cell, nonneutralizing antibodies work in the extracellular space to recruit effector proteins or cells that can destroy the antibody-virus complex. Other nonneutralizing antibodies exert their effects inside cells, either by blocking the virus life cycle directly or by recruiting the intracellular Fc receptor TRIM21. In this review, we will discuss the multitude of ways in which nonneutralizing antibodies function against a range of viral infections.
Keyphrases
- sars cov
- induced apoptosis
- stem cells
- endothelial cells
- hepatitis c virus
- physical activity
- hiv testing
- diffuse large b cell lymphoma
- cell proliferation
- life cycle
- men who have sex with men
- hiv infected
- coronavirus disease
- hiv positive
- south africa
- reactive oxygen species
- respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- case control