European Headache Federation recommendations for placebo and nocebo terminology.
Dimos-Dimitrios D MitsikostasCharlotte BleaseElisa CarlinoLuana CollocaAndrew L GeersJeremy HowickAndrea W M EversMagne A FlatenJohn M KelleyIrving KirschRegine KlingerAntoinette MaassenVanDenBrinkDaniel E MoermanPetros P SfikakisLene VaseTor D WagerFabrizio Benedettinull nullPublished in: The journal of headache and pain (2020)
The working group recommends distinguishing the term response from effect to describe health changes from before to after placebo application and to distinguish the terms placebo(s) or nocebo(s) from the health consequences that they cause (placebo/nocebo responses or effects).