Dissecting Molecular Features of Gliomas: Genetic Loci and Validated Biomarkers.
Antonietta ArcellaFiona LimanaqiRosangela FereseFrancesca BiagioniMaria Antonietta OlivaMarianna StortoMirco FanelliStefano GambardellaFrancesco FornaiPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2020)
Recently, several studies focused on the genetics of gliomas. This allowed identifying several germline loci that contribute to individual risk for tumor development, as well as various somatic mutations that are key for disease classification. Unfortunately, none of the germline loci clearly confers increased risk per se. Contrariwise, somatic mutations identified within the glioma tissue define tumor genotype, thus representing valid diagnostic and prognostic markers. Thus, genetic features can be used in glioma classification and guided therapy. Such copious genomic variabilities are screened routinely in glioma diagnosis. In detail, Sanger sequencing or pyrosequencing, fluorescence in-situ hybridization, and microsatellite analyses were added to immunohistochemistry as diagnostic markers. Recently, Next Generation Sequencing was set-up as an all-in-one diagnostic tool aimed at detecting both DNA copy number variations and mutations in gliomas. This approach is widely used also to detect circulating tumor DNA within cerebrospinal fluid from patients affected by primary brain tumors. Such an approach is providing an alternative cost-effective strategy to genotype all gliomas, which allows avoiding surgical tissue collection and repeated tumor biopsies. This review summarizes available molecular features that represent solid tools for the genetic diagnosis of gliomas at present or in the next future.
Keyphrases
- copy number
- genome wide
- circulating tumor
- high grade
- mitochondrial dna
- dna methylation
- single molecule
- cell free
- circulating tumor cells
- cerebrospinal fluid
- machine learning
- deep learning
- end stage renal disease
- genome wide association study
- dna repair
- ejection fraction
- newly diagnosed
- gene expression
- chronic kidney disease
- single cell
- prognostic factors
- mesenchymal stem cells
- bone marrow
- cell therapy
- replacement therapy
- smoking cessation