DEMIGOD: A Low-Cost Microcontroller-Based Closed-Loop System Integrating Nanoengineered Sweat-Based Glucose Monitoring and Controlled Transdermal Nanoemulsion Release of Hypoglycemic Treatment with a Software Application for Noninvasive Personalized Diabetes Care.

This study endeavored to design and develop an innovative closed-loop diagnostic and therapeutic system with the following objectives: (a) the noninvasive detection of glucose concentration in sweat utilizing nanonengineered screen-printed biosensors; (b) the management of measured data through a specialized computer system comprising both hardware and software components, thereby enabling the precise control of therapeutic responses via a patch-based nanomedicine delivery system. This initiative addresses the significant challenges inherent in the management of diabetes mellitus, including the imperative need for glucose-level monitoring to optimize glycemic control. Leveraging chronoamperometric results as a foundational dataset and the in vivo hypoglycemic activity of nanoemulsion formulations, this research underscores the efficacy and accuracy of glucose concentration estimation, decision-making mechanism responses, and transdermal hypoglycemic treatment effects, within the proposed system.