Insights into the Superior Bioavailability of Biogenic Sulfur from the View of Its Unique Properties: The Key Role of Trace Organic Substances.

Elemental sulfur (S 0 ) is widely utilized in environmental pollution control, while its low bioavailability has become a bottleneck for S 0 -based biotechnologies. Biogenic sulfur (bio-S 0 ) has been demonstrated to have superior bioavailability, while little is known about its mechanisms thus far. This study investigated the bioavailability and relevant properties of bio-S 0 based on the denitrifying activity of Thiobacillus denitrificans with chemical sulfur (chem-S 0 ) as the control. It was found that the conversion rate and removal efficiency of nitrate in the bio-S 0 system were 2.23 and 2.04 times those of the chem-S 0 system. Bio-S 0 was not pure orthorhombic sulfur [S: 96.88 ± 0.25% (w/w)]. Trace organic substances detected on the bio-S 0 surface were revealed to contribute to its hydrophilicity, resulting in better dispersibility in the aqueous liquid. In addition, the adhesion force of T. denitrificans on bio-S 0 was 1.54 times that of chem-S 0 , endowing a higher bacterial adhesion efficiency on the sulfur particle. The weaker intermolecular binding force due to the low crystallinity of bio-S 0 led to enhanced cellular uptake by attached bacteria. The mechanisms for the superior bioavailability of bio-S 0 were further proposed. This study provides a comprehensive view of the superior bioavailability of bio-S 0 and is beneficial to developing high-quality sulfur resources.