Fabrication of Polysulfobetaine Gradient Coating via Oxidation Polymerization of Pyrogallol To Modulate Biointerfaces.

A surface with a gradient physical or chemical feature, such as roughness, hardness, wettability, and chemistry, serves as a powerful platform for high-throughput investigation of cell responses to a biointerface. In this work, we developed a continuous antifouling gradient surface using pyrogallol (PG) chemistry. A copolymer of a zwitterionic monomer, sulfobetaine methacrylate, and an amino monomer, aminoethyl methacrylate, were synthesized (pSBAE) and deposited on glass slides via the deposition of self-polymerized PG. A gradient of pSBAE was fabricated on glass slides in 7 min in the presence of an oxidant, ammonium persulfate, by withdrawing the reaction solution. The modified glass slide showed a wettability gradient, determined by measuring the water contact angle. Cell adhesion and protein adsorption were well correlated with surface wettability. We expect that this simple and faster method for the fabrication of a continuous chemical gradient is applicable for high-throughput screening of surface properties to modulate biointerfaces.