Nanowarriors from Mentha: Unleashing Nature's Antimicrobial Arsenal with Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles.

Medicinal plant-based cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 NPs) possessed excellent antimicrobial properties against multiple strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The CeO 2 NPs are popular because their electropositive charged surface causes oxidation of plasma membrane and facilitates the penetration of CeO 2 NPs inside the pathogen body. In the present research work, CeO 2 NPs stabilized with Mentha leaf extract; as a result, nanoparticles surface-bonded with various functional groups of phytochemicals which enhanced the therapeutic potential of CeO 2 NPs. The inhibition percentage of CeO 2 NPs was evaluated against eight pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus epidermidis; Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli , Stenotrophomonas maltophilia , Comamonas sp., Halobacterium sp., and Klebsiella pneumoniae; and plant bacteria Xanthomonas sp. The antifungal properties of CeO 2 NPs were evaluated against three pathogenic fungal species Bipolaris sorokiniana , Aspergillus flavus , and Fusarium oxysporum via the streak plate method. The antimicrobial inhibitory activity of CeO 2 NPs was good to excellent. The current research work clearly shows that three different medicinal plants Mentha royleana , Mentha longifolia , and Mentha arvensis based CeO 2 NPs, variation in nanoparticle sizes, and surface-to-volume ratio of green CeO 2 NPs are three factors responsible to generate and provoke antimicrobial activities of CeO 2 NPs against human pathogenic bacteria and plant infecting fungi. The results show that CeO 2 NPs possessed good antimicrobial properties and are effective to use for pharmaceutical applications and as a food preservative because of low toxicity, organic coating, and acceptable antimicrobial properties. This study showed a rapid and well-organized method to prepare stable phytochemical-coated CeO 2 NPs with three different plants M. royleana , M. longifolia , and M. arvensis with remarkable antibacterial and antifungal characteristics.