Post-translational Regulation of BRI1-EMS Suppressor 1 and Brassinazole-resistant 1.

BRI1-EMS Suppressor 1 (BES1) and Brassinazole resistant 1 (BZR1) are two highly similar master transcription factors of the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway that regulate a variety of plant growth and development processes as well as stress responses. Previous genetic and biochemical analyses have established a complex regulatory network to control the two transcription factors. This network includes coordination with other transcription factors and interactors, multiple post-translational modifications (PTMs), and differential subcellular localizations. In this review, we systematically detail the functions and regulatory mechanisms of various PTMs: phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, ubiquitination/deubiquitination, SUMOylation/deSUMOylation, oxidation/reduction, in regulating the subcellular localization, protein stability, and the transcriptional activity of BES1/BZR1. We also discuss the current knowledge about the BES1/BZR1-interactors mediating the dynamic nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of BES1 and BZR1.