Esculetin and Fucoidan Attenuate Autophagy and Apoptosis Induced by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles through Modulating Reactive Astrocyte and Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Rat Brain.
Woo-Ju SongJeongtae KimTaekyun ShinMyeong-Seon JeongKil-Nam KimJang-Hyuk YunMyung-Bok WiePublished in: Toxics (2022)
We examined the protective effects of esculetin and fucoidan against the neurotoxicity of ZnO NPs in rats. Ninety rats were divided into nine groups and pre-treated with esculetin or fucoidan 1 h before ZnO NP administration on a daily basis for 2 weeks. Serum and brain homogenates were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and neurons, microglia, and astrocytes in the hippocampal region were examined with immunohistochemical analysis. The serum levels of interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were altered in the ZnO NP treatment groups. Brain IL-1β and TNF-α levels were elevated after ZnO NP administration, and these effects were inhibited by esculetin and fucoidan. SOD, 8-OHdG, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels in the brain were decreased after ZnO NP administration. The brain levels of beclin-1 and caspase-3 were elevated after ZnO NP treatment, and these effects were significantly ameliorated by esculetin and fucoidan. The number of reactive astrocytes measured by counting glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells, but not microglia, increased following ZnO NP treatment, and esculetin and fucoidan ameliorated the changes. Esculetin and fucoidan may be beneficial for preventing ZnO NP-mediated autophagy and apoptosis by the modulation of reactive astrocyte and proinflammatory cytokines in the rat brain.
Keyphrases
- room temperature
- quantum dots
- cell death
- reduced graphene oxide
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- cell cycle arrest
- induced apoptosis
- oxidative stress
- visible light
- resting state
- oxide nanoparticles
- white matter
- signaling pathway
- neuropathic pain
- light emitting
- functional connectivity
- physical activity
- nitric oxide
- gold nanoparticles
- rheumatoid arthritis
- spinal cord injury
- brain injury
- high throughput
- hydrogen peroxide
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- ionic liquid
- preterm birth
- amino acid
- single cell
- gestational age
- binding protein
- monoclonal antibody