Alterations of the salivary and fecal microbiome in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis.

PSC is characterized by microbial dysbiosis in the gut and the salivary microbiome, independently from IBD. The PSC dysbiotic signature includes a reduction in autochthonous bacteria and an increased relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria, including an invasion of oral bacteria to the gut. PSC is a strong modulator of the microbial profile, in the gut and the oral microbiome. These results may lead to the development of biomarkers for screening and early diagnosis or the development of personalized medicine in PSC.