Sexual dimorphism in specialist pollinated dioecious species with complex flowers.

Female flowers have evolved similar fringe extensions to male flowers, likely increasing pollinator attraction even slightly, and exhibited lower biomass of other floral parts and nectar production than male flowers. Our findings imply that female-biased resource limitation and flower-size-sensitive pollinators together exert sex-specific selection of floral traits in T. cucumeroides. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.