Testicular toxicity following chronic codeine administration is via oxidative DNA damage and up-regulation of NO/TNF-α and caspase 3 activities.

Published in: PloS one (2020)

In conclusion, chronic codeine use resulted in testicular degeneration and testosterone suppression, which is attributable to TNF-α/nitric oxide-/oxidative stress-mediated caspase-dependent apoptotic testicular cell death and loss of testicular function.

Keyphrases

cell death
oxidative stress
germ cell
dna damage
nitric oxide
induced apoptosis
rheumatoid arthritis
cell cycle arrest
signaling pathway
drug induced
hydrogen peroxide