Neuronal signalling of zinc: from detection and modulation to function.

Zinc is an essential trace element that stabilizes protein structures and allosterically modulates a plethora of enzymes, ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. Labile zinc (Zn 2+ ) acts as an intracellular and intercellular signalling molecule in response to various stimuli, which is especially important in the central nervous system. Zincergic neurons, characterized by Zn 2+ deposits in synaptic vesicles and presynaptic Zn 2+ release, are found in the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory bulb and spinal cord. To provide an overview of synaptic Zn 2+ and intracellular Zn 2+ signalling in neurons, the present paper summarizes the fluorescent sensors used to detect Zn 2+ signals, the cellular mechanisms regulating the generation and buffering of Zn 2+ signals, as well as the current perspectives on their pleiotropic effects on phosphorylation signalling, synapse formation, synaptic plasticity, as well as sensory and cognitive function.