Nitrogen fertilization differentially affects the symbiotic capacity of two co-occurring ectomycorrhizal species.

Forest trees rely on ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi to obtain growth-limiting nutrients. While addition of nitrogen (N) has the potential to disrupt these critical relationships, there is conflicting evidence as to the mechanism by which ECM:host mutualism may be affected. We evaluated how N fertilization altered host interactions and gene transcription between Eucalyptus grandis and Pisolithus microcarpus or Pisolithus albus, two closely related ECM species that typically co-occur within the same ecosystem. Our investigation demonstrated species-specific responses to elevated N: P. microcarpus maintained its ability to transport microbially sourced N to its host but had a reduced ability to penetrate into root tissues, while P. albus maintained its colonization ability but reduced delivery of N to its host. Transcriptomic analysis suggests that regulation of different suites of N-transporters may be responsible for these species-specific differences. In addition to N-dependent responses, we were also able to define a conserved 'core' transcriptomic response of Eucalyptus grandis to mycorrhization that was independent of abiotic conditions. Our results demonstrate that even between closely related ECM species, responses to N fertilization can vary considerably, suggesting that a better understanding of the breadth and mechanisms of their responses is needed to support forest ecosystems into the future.