DNA barcoding, identification, and validation of the pufferfish (Order: Tetraodontiformes) in China coastal waters.

The order Tetraodontiformes are one of the most unique groups of teleostean fish, exhibiting highly derived and greatly diversified phenotypes. It is a difficult task for both professionals and nonprofessionals to accurately identify these species only according to morphological characteristics. DNA barcoding can identify species at the molecular level to overcome the limitations of morphological classification. In this study, we collected 616 specimens of pufferfish from the coastal waters of China. According to the morphological characteristics, they were preliminarily identified as 50 species. Further analysis using DNA barcodes identified these specimens as 46 species, belonging to 23 genera, 6 families. According to the species classification results of DNA barcoding, the three species identified by morphology as Takifugu pseudommus , Takifugu chinensis , and Takifugu rubripes should be the same species. Similarly, Lagocephalus wheeleri is the synonym of Lagocephalus spadiceus . Another important discovery of DNA barcoding analysis is that there are closer interspecific genetic distances within the genus Takifugu . If T. rubripes , T. pseudommus , and T. chinensis are taken as one species, the average interspecific to intraspecific genetic distance ratio of Takifugu is only 6.21 times, which does not reach the DNA barcoding threshold of more than 10 times proposed previously. Although the interspecific genetic distance in the genus Takifugu is relatively small, each species can be clustered into independent clades in the NJ tree. In conclusion, this study not only found that there are synonymous phenomena in the order Tetraodontiformes but also provided molecular evidence for the valid species names of Takifugu rubripes and Lagocephalus Spadiceus . The results can provide reliable DNA barcoding information for the identification of pufferfish species, help solve the problem of classification confusion in this order, and provide technical support for the identification of the original components of related commodities on the aquatic product market.