Fighting the uphill battle to cure type 1 diabetes.

Three complementary approaches for type 1 diabetes. Immunotherapy targets the pathogenic immune cells or inflammatory cytokines to revert type 1 diabetes. An artificial pancreas delivers insulin automatically using continuous glucose monitoring, a controlling algorithm, and an insulin pump. Beta cell replacement therapy varies depending on the cell sources: allogeneic, or xenogeneic islet; beta-like cells derived from ESCs or iPSCs.