Embryonic Development of Pediculus humanus capitis: Morphological Update and Proposal of New External Markers for the Differentiation Between Early, Medium, and Late Eggs.

We propose novel biomarkers (e.g., the presence of spiracles and antennae, the proportion of the egg occupied by the embryo) to facilitate the differentiation between the developmental stages. The updated morphological characteristics of P. h. capitis eggs facilitate the standardization of toxicological tests in the quest for ovicidal drugs.