Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease after the Use of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents: A Review for the Cardiovascular Imager.
Sebastian Gallo-BernalNasly Patino-JaramilloCamilo A CalixtoSergio A HigueraJulian F ForeroJuliano Lara FernandesCarlos GóngoraMichael S GeeBrian GhoshhajraHector M MedinaPublished in: Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) (2022)
Gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance has revolutionized cardiac imaging in the last two decades and has emerged as an essential and powerful tool for the characterization and treatment guidance of a wide range of cardiovascular diseases. However, due to the high prevalence of chronic renal dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular conditions, the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) after gadolinium exposure has been a permanent concern. Even though the newer macrocyclic agents have proven to be much safer in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure, clinicians must fully understand the clinical characteristics and risk factors of this devastating pathology and maintain a high degree of suspicion to prevent and recognize it. This review aimed to summarize the existing evidence regarding the physiopathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and prevention of NSF related to the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents.
Keyphrases
- contrast enhanced
- magnetic resonance
- risk factors
- magnetic resonance imaging
- cardiovascular disease
- left ventricular
- computed tomography
- high resolution
- oxidative stress
- palliative care
- heart failure
- coronary artery disease
- metabolic syndrome
- cardiovascular events
- combination therapy
- replacement therapy
- smoking cessation