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Occurrence, Distribution, and Environmental Behavior of Persistent, Mobile, and Toxic (PMT) and Very Persistent and Very Mobile (vPvM) Substances in the Sources of German Drinking Water.

Isabelle J NeuwaldDaniel HübnerHanna L WiegandVassil ValkovUlrich BorchersKarsten NödlerMarco ScheurerSarah E HaleHans Peter H ArpDaniel Zahn
Published in: Environmental science & technology (2022)
Persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) and very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) substances have been recognized as a threat to both the aquatic environment and to drinking water resources. These substances are currently prioritized for regulatory action by the European Commission, whereby a proposal for the inclusion of hazard classes for PMT and vPvM substances has been put forward. Comprehensive monitoring data for many PMT/vPvM substances in drinking water sources are scarce. Herein, we analyze 34 PMT/vPvM substances in 46 surface water, groundwater, bank filtrate, and raw water samples taken throughout Germany. Results of the sampling campaign demonstrated that known PMT/vPvM substances such as 1 H -benzotriazole, melamine, cyanuric acid, and 1,4-dioxane are responsible for substantial contamination in the sources of German drinking water. In addition, the results revealed the widespread presence of the emerging substances 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and diphenylguanidine (DPG). A correlation analysis showed a pronounced co-occurrence of PMT/vPvM substances associated predominantly with consumer or professional uses and also demonstrated an inhomogeneous co-occurrence for substances associated mainly with industrial use. These data were used to test the hypothesis that most PMT/vPvM substances pass bank filtration without significant concentration reduction, which is one of the main reasons for introducing PMT/vPvM as a hazard class within Europe.
Keyphrases
  • drinking water
  • health risk
  • health risk assessment
  • healthcare
  • transcription factor
  • heavy metals
  • mass spectrometry
  • deep learning
  • single cell
  • high resolution
  • climate change
  • human health
  • liquid chromatography