On semiparametric accelerated failure time models with time-varying covariates: A maximum penalised likelihood estimation.

The accelerated failure time (AFT) model offers an important and useful alternative to the conventional Cox proportional hazards model, particularly when the proportional hazards assumption for a Cox model is violated. Since an AFT model is basically a log-linear model, meaningful interpretations of covariate effects on failure times can be made directly. However, estimation of a semiparametric AFT model imposes computational challenges even when it only has time-fixed covariates, and the situation becomes much more complicated when time-varying covariates are included. In this paper, we propose a penalised likelihood approach to estimate the semiparametric AFT model with right-censored failure time, where both time-fixed and time-varying covariates are permitted. We adopt the Gaussian basis functions to construct a smooth approximation to the nonparametric baseline hazard. This model fitting method requires a constrained optimisation approach. A comprehensive simulation study is conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method. An application of our method to a motor neuron disease data set is provided.