Periodontal Ligament Stem Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Embedded in Matrigel Enhance Bone Repair Through the Adenosine Receptor Signaling Pathway.

These results are the first to demonstrate that P-EVs accelerated the repair of bone defects, partially through promoting cell proliferation and migration. P-EV/Matrigel, which combines topical EV-implantation and extracellular matrix scaffolds, provides a new cell-free strategy for bone tissue repair.