Robustness of Digital PCR and Real-Time PCR in Transgene Detection for Gene-Doping Control.

Gene doping is banned in human sports, horseracing, and equestrian sports. One possible form of gene doping is to administer exogenous genes, called transgenes. Several transgene detection methods based on quantitative PCR have been developed. In this study, we investigated the robustness of digital PCR and real-time PCR in transgene detection using primers and probes that matched (P-true) or incompletely matched (P-false) the template DNA. Fluorescence intensity was significantly reduced when substituted probes were used compared to that using the matched probe in both digital and real-time PCR assays. Digital PCR yielded a similar copy number regardless of the probe (P-true: 1230.7, P-false: 1229.7), whereas real-time PCR revealed a decrease in sensitivity based on Cq values (P-true: 23.5, P-false: 29.7). When substituted primers were used, the detected copy number decreased in the digital PCR assay, and the Cq value in real-time PCR was much higher. Interestingly, digital PCR copy numbers improved by performing PCR at a low annealing temperature, even if a substituted probe was used. Thus, when primer and probe sequences did not completely match the template transgene, digital PCR was relatively robust, but real-time PCR was less sensitive. Although PCR specificity may be reduced, PCR sensitivity can be improved by lowering the annealing temperature. If the target sequence is substituted to escape doping detection, it may be desirable to set the annealing temperature lower and use a more robust method, such as digital PCR, to increase the detection of positive cases, which will also result in fewer false-negative results.