Intraoperative Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Robotic Surgery: A Scoping Review of Current Development Stages and Levels of Autonomy.
Baptiste VaseyKaroline A N LippertDanyal Z KhanMudathir IbrahimC H KohHugo Layard HorsfallKeng S LeeSimon WilliamsHani J MarcusPeter McCullochPublished in: Annals of surgery (2022)
Clinical evaluation of intraoperative AI applications for robotic surgery is still in its infancy and most applications have a low level of autonomy. With increasing levels of autonomy, the evaluation focus seems to shift from AI-specific metrics to process outcomes, although common standards are needed to allow comparison between systems.