Approaches to Repair of Penetrating Injuries of the Proximal, Mid, and Distal Esophagus.

Despite low incidence of penetrating esophageal injuries, morbidity and mortality are extremely high, especially with associated injuries. Early identification and treatment is paramount. Anatomical knowledge is necessary for successful surgical management. Primary repair in 2 layers should be attempted whenever possible including musical closure with absorbable suture. Flaps, diversions, wide drainage, and feeding tube access should always be key surgical considerations. Flaps can include sternocleidomastoid muscle for cervical injuries, intercostal muscle, diaphragm, and pericardium for thoracic injuries and "Thal" gastric flaps for gastroesophageal junction and abdominal injuries. Successful identification and management can lead to increased survival.