Women in low- and middle-income countries receive antenatal care at health institutions, yet not delivered there: a multilevel analysis of 2016-2021 DHS data.

The IDD was high among women in LMICs and significantly increased among women with no education, from poorest household, had inadequate ANC visit, no media exposure, rural, distance a big problem. Hence, interventions to reduce IDD should focus on addressing the gaps related to maternal education, access to media, and number of ANC visits among women in LMICs.