Comparative analysis of intraoperative and imaging features of invasive growth in pituitary adenomas.

Both intraoperative and radiographic signs of invasive growth are high-risk lesions for incomplete extent of resection and occur more frequently in older patients. A particularly high prevalence of invasion can be found in the sparsely granulated corticotroph and somatotroph adenoma types. Cavernous sinus invasion is also more common in gonadotroph adenomas. Usage of the Knosp classification is a valuable preoperative estimation tool.