Associations between Parental Engagement in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Neighborhood-level Socioeconomic Status.

Parental engagement was more consistently and significantly associated with neighborhood-level SES than with individual-level SES. Therefore, neighborhood-level SES measures may be more explanatory than individual-level SES measures. Further studies and targeted interventions are needed to address disparities in the frequency of kangaroo care and visitation according to SES.