Reference ranges for fetal cardiac, ventricular and atrial relative size, sphericity, ventricular dominance, wall asymmetry and relative wall thickness from 18 to 41 weeks of gestation.

The assessment of cardiac, ventricular and atrial relative size and geometry is feasible and reproducible in the fetus. We provide standardized reference ranges throughout gestation, enabling the accurate assessment of cardiac remodelling patterns during fetal life. The immediate application of these measurements may be in the research field, but they further represent a very useful tool in clinical ultrasonographic evaluation enabling to establish a consensus-based nomenclature for fetal cardiac findings, above all in pathological scenarios and stablishing reference ranges for abnormality detection and monitoring. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.