A food interaction network between psittacines and plants in an urban area in the city of São Carlos - SP, southeastern Brazil.

The Psittacidae presents a great diversity of species in the Neotropical region performing fundamental ecological functions for ecosystems. These frugivorous birds can occupy different positions in the antagonistic-mutualistic gradient of food interactions, acting as predators and/or as seed dispersers. Little is known about bird-plant ecological interaction networks focusing on psittacines in urban environments, which may compromise the management of natural areas in anthropic landscapes and hinder the planning of conservation strategies. In this context, the present study aimed to analyze the network of feeding interactions between psittacines and plants that occur in green areas in urban and periurban areas of the municipality of São Carlos, São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. Starting with an active searching added to the application of the focal animal sampling at 36 systematized sampling points during the years 2019, 2020 and 2021, the plant species consumed by parrots in the study area were observed. Four species of birds of the Psittacidae family were recorded consuming food resources from 46 plant species. The order of relevance of the birds in structuring the ecological network was: Brotogeris chiriri (Vieillot, 1851), Psittacara leucophthalmus (Statius Muller, 1872), Forpus xanthopterygius (Spix, 1843) and Eupsittula aurea (Gmelin, 1788). The most consumed plants were Syagrus romanzoffiana, Salix babylonica, Caesalpinea pluviosa, Mangifera indica and Handroanthus heptaphyllus. The pattern of consumption by birds was significantly different among species, and overall, they had a broad diet and medium niche overlap. Network nesting was low, as was connectance, i.e., the number of interactions or connections observed between pairs of species was considerably less than the total number possible. Network asymmetry was considerably high, with the psittacine group performing interactions with a large number of plant species, while each plant received on average few psittacine species. The results point to a high plasticity in the use of food resources in anthropic landscapes, indicating that the occupation of the urban environment by psittacines has been occurring successfully and may benefit the populations of the species recorded here.