Micromorphology of Pine Needle Primordia and Young Needles after Bud Dormancy Breaking.

Using a scanning electron microscope, the micromorphologies of needle primordia and the young needles of seven pine species ( Pinus cembra , P. mugo , P. nigra , P. rigida , P. sylvestris , P. strobus , and P. uncinata ) were analyzed at phenological stages B2 and B3 (according to Debazac). In B2, needle tips were rounded or pointed, depending on the species. In P. cembra and P. strobus , teeth were noted on the tips. Teeth were also visible on the margins in P. mugo , P. cembra , and P. strobus . Stomata became visible in the late B2 phase ( P. sylvestris , P. mugo , and P. nigra ) near the needle tips and were arranged in rows. In the B3 phase, needle tips were pointed. Only in P. strobus was the needle tip slightly rounded. The teeth on the margin in all the species were pointed. In P. strobus , their size and density along the margin decreased basipetally. In B3 for all the species, numerous stomata were visible. In P. sylvestris , P. cembra , and P. strobus , Florin rings were also observed. These observations could be useful in pine systematics but also in palaeobotanical or physiological studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the micromorphology of very young needles in representatives of the genus Pinus .