Chiral Ramachandran Plots II: General Trends and Protein Chirality Spectra.

The degree of chirality of protein backbone residues is used to enrich the Ramachandran plot (RP) and create three-dimensional chiral RPs with much more structural information. Detailed comparative analysis of the four classical RPs (general, glycine, proline, and pre-proline) is provided, including statistical analysis of quantitative chirality distributions in the maps and in the secondary structures. Our results show that points with outlier chirality levels represent special transitional points in the folded protein such as α-helix kinks, twists of β-strands, and transition points between secondary structures. A protein chirality spectrum in which the degree of chirality of each residue is plotted against the sequence number explores these special points. More than 65000 residues extracted from 200 high-quality proteins are used for this study, which shows that quantitative chirality is a general and useful structural parameter for protein conformational studies.