The impact of psychological hardiness on intolerance of uncertainty in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The purpose of the study was to measure the impact of psychological hardiness on the intolerance of uncertainty (IOU) among university students during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A cross-sectional correlational research design was used in the study, where participants were selected by convenience sampling. The data was collected from 1217 undergraduate students from a university in Turkey through web-based questionnaires. The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale assessed data, including intolerance of uncertainty. In addition, the Personal Views Survey III-R was used to measure students' psychological hardiness. The results indicated that Turkish undergraduate students overall had high IOU and above-average psychological hardiness. Psychological hardiness was negatively correlated with IOU. Students losing a loved one because of COVID-19 had increased intolerance to uncertainty and lower psychological hardiness. Psychological hardiness was a powerful predictor of IOU. These findings show the need to implement hardiness-training programs for undergraduate students to increase their tolerance to uncertainty and reduce the effect of grief.