Understanding memory effects in Li-ion batteries: evidence of a kinetic origin in TiO2 upon hydrogen annealing.

Memory effects in Li-ion battery materials have been explained on the basis of the thermodynamics of many-particles body, however the role of the (de-)intercalation kinetics is not yet clear. We demonstrate that kinetic aspects, specifically Li-ion mobility, are determining the magnitude of the memory effect in TiO2 by studying samples with different levels of oxygen vacancies.