The obesity paradox: defining the impact of body mass index and diabetes mellitus for patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin.

Elevated BMI is associated with improved outcomes in patients with NMIBC treated with BCG immunotherapy. Patients with DM are at increased risk of recurrence. These findings support a potential obesity paradox in bladder cancer. Evaluation of the underlying mechanism and the role of global patient assessment, counselling, and risk factor modification are warranted.