Toward quantification of hypoxia using fluorinated Eu II/III -containing ratiometric probes.

Hypoxia is a prognostic biomarker of rapidly growing cancers, where the extent of hypoxia is an indication of tumor progression and prognosis; therefore, hypoxia is also used for staging while performing chemo- and radiotherapeutics for cancer. Contrast-enhanced MRI using Eu II -based contrast agents is a noninvasive method that can be used to map hypoxic tumors, but quantification of hypoxia using these agents is challenging due to the dependence of signal on the concentration of both oxygen and Eu II . Here, we report a ratiometric method to eliminate concentration dependence of contrast enhancement of hypoxia using fluorinated Eu II/III -containing probes. We studied three different Eu II/III couples of complexes containing 4, 12, or 24 fluorine atoms to balance fluorine signal-to-noise ratio with aqueous solubility. The ratio between the longitudinal relaxation time ( T 1 ) and 19 F signal of solutions containing different ratios of Eu II - and Eu III -containing complexes was plotted against the percentage of Eu II -containing complexes in solution. We denote the slope of the resulting curves as hypoxia indices because they can be used to quantify signal enhancement from Eu, that is related to oxygen concentration, without knowledge of the absolute concentration of Eu. This mapping of hypoxia was demonstrated in vivo in an orthotopic syngeneic tumor model. Our studies significantly contribute toward improving the ability to radiographically map and quantify hypoxia in real time, which is critical to the study of cancer and a wide range of diseases.