Limits of the spatial ventricular gradient and QRST angles in patients with normal electrocardiograms and no known cardiovascular disease stratified by age, sex, and race.
Hans F StabenauArunashis SauDaniel B KramerNicholas S PetersFu Siong NgJonathan W WaksPublished in: Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology (2023)
Age, sex, race, BMI, and HR significantly affect the range of SVG and QRST angles in patients with normal ECGs and no known cardiovascular disease, and should be accounted for in future studies. An online calculator for prediction of these "normal limits" given demographics is provided at https://bivectors.github.io/gehcalc/.