"Maternal diabetes mellitus and its impact on the risk of delivering a child with congenital heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
Αndreas S PapazoglouDimitrios V MoysidisPeriklis PanagopoulosEleftherios G KaklamanosChristos TsagkarisIoannis VouloagkasEfstratios KaragiannidisGeorgios I TagarakisTheodora PapamitsouIoannis G PapanikolaouChryssi ChristodoulakiNikolaos VrachnisPublished in: The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians (2021)
While both GDM and PGDM seem to significantly increase the risk of CHD in comparison with the general population, PDGM appears to have a greater association with CHD, being correlated with a 3.5-fold increase in the risk of malformation. Preconceptional and gestational diabetes care are, therefore, essential to mitigate the adverse effect of hyperglycemia on fetal heart formation during pregnancy.