The Yin and Yang Effect of the Apelinergic System in Oxidative Stress.
Benedetta FibbiGiada MarronciniLaura NaldiAlessandro PeriPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2023)
Apelin is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ and has multiple biological activities in human tissues and organs, including the heart, blood vessels, adipose tissue, central nervous system, lungs, kidneys, and liver. This article reviews the crucial role of apelin in regulating oxidative stress-related processes by promoting prooxidant or antioxidant mechanisms. Following the binding of APJ to different active apelin isoforms and the interaction with several G proteins according to cell types, the apelin/APJ system is able to modulate different intracellular signaling pathways and biological functions, such as vascular tone, platelet aggregation and leukocytes adhesion, myocardial activity, ischemia/reperfusion injury, insulin resistance, inflammation, and cell proliferation and invasion. As a consequence of these multifaceted properties, the role of the apelinergic axis in the pathogenesis of degenerative and proliferative conditions (e.g., Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, osteoporosis, and cancer) is currently investigated. In this view, the dual effect of the apelin/APJ system in the regulation of oxidative stress needs to be more extensively clarified, in order to identify new potential strategies and tools able to selectively modulate this axis according to the tissue-specific profile.
Keyphrases
- oxidative stress
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- adipose tissue
- insulin resistance
- induced apoptosis
- dna damage
- diabetic rats
- single cell
- cell therapy
- endothelial cells
- high fat diet
- signaling pathway
- type diabetes
- gene expression
- heart failure
- papillary thyroid
- bone mineral density
- skeletal muscle
- metabolic syndrome
- postmenopausal women
- cognitive decline
- bone marrow
- left ventricular
- cell proliferation
- heat shock
- peripheral blood
- systematic review
- squamous cell carcinoma
- cerebrospinal fluid
- epithelial mesenchymal transition
- high resolution
- binding protein
- single molecule