The pharmacokinetics of epinephrine/adrenaline autoinjectors.
Sten DreborgHarold KimPublished in: Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2021)
Intramuscular injection with higher doses of epinephrine appears to lead to a higher Cmax. There is a dose dependent increase in plasma concentration and AUC0-20. Most investigators found two Cmax's with Tmax 5-10 min and 30-50 min, respectively. There is a need for conclusive trials to evaluate the differences between intramuscular and subcutaneous injections with the epinephrine delivery site confirmed with ultrasound.