Closing the loop: autonomous experiments enabled by machine-learning-based online data analysis in synchrotron beamline environments.
Linus PithanVladimir StarostinDavid MarečekLukas PetersdorfConstantin VölterValentin MunteanuMaciej JankowskiOleg V KonovalovAlexander GerlachAlexander HinderhoferBridget M MurphyStefan KowarikFrank SchreiberPublished in: Journal of synchrotron radiation (2023)
Recently, there has been significant interest in applying machine-learning (ML) techniques to the automated analysis of X-ray scattering experiments, due to the increasing speed and size at which datasets are generated. ML-based analysis presents an important opportunity to establish a closed-loop feedback system, enabling monitoring and real-time decision-making based on online data analysis. In this study, the incorporation of a combined one-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN) and multilayer perceptron that is trained to extract physical thin-film parameters (thickness, density, roughness) and capable of taking into account prior knowledge is described. ML-based online analysis results are processed in a closed-loop workflow for X-ray reflectometry (XRR), using the growth of organic thin films as an example. Our focus lies on the beamline integration of ML-based online data analysis and closed-loop feedback. Our data demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of ML methods for analyzing XRR curves and Bragg reflections and its autonomous control over a vacuum deposition setup.
Keyphrases
- data analysis
- machine learning
- convolutional neural network
- social media
- health information
- deep learning
- high resolution
- healthcare
- artificial intelligence
- mental health
- transcription factor
- optical coherence tomography
- electronic health record
- high throughput
- magnetic resonance imaging
- computed tomography
- dual energy
- electron microscopy