Static and Dynamic Studies on LiNi1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 -Based Suspensions for Semi-Solid Flow Batteries.

LiNi1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 (LNCM)-based suspensions for semi-solid flow batteries (SSFB) have been investigated by galvanostatic charge/discharge an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The resistance and electrochemical performance of half cells (vs. Li/Li(+) ) as well as the rheological properties are affected by the content of a commercially available electroconductive carbon black [KetjenBlack (KB), AkzoNobel] in the suspensions. In static conditions, a cell with 11.87 and 13.97 % by volume of KB and LNCM delivers high capacity 130 mA h g(-1) at 5 mA cm(-2) , respectively, and a coulombic efficiency of 90 % over 10 injections. The impedance of half cells is dominated by a contact resistance fitted with a resistor and a constant phase element (CPE) in parallel. In flow conditions, cell potential depends on applied current density and measured over potentials are ∼0.3 and 0.7 V for 0.33 and 1 mA cm(-2) , respectively, for a cell containing a suspension with 9.53 % in volume of KB and 13.90 % in volume of LNCM. The effect of the cell contact resistance on the electrochemical performance is discussed.