Gonadal hormonal factors before menopause and incident type 2 diabetes in women: A 22-year follow-up of 83 799 women from the E3N cohort study.

In women, a longer exposure to endogenous gonadal hormones with a later menopause as well as breastfeeding were associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes, independently of classical diabetes risk factors. In contrast, the use of contraceptive agents was associated with incident diabetes, but the influence of each type of contraception and of exposure duration remain to be investigated.