Hexylaminolevulinate-mediated fluorescent urine cytology with a novel automated detection technology for screening and surveillance of bladder cancer.

The present findings clearly demonstrate that FVUC using the newly developed automation technology has superior sensitivity to cVUC for both screening for primary bladder cancer and recurrent tumour detection. It is essential to confirm the clinical usefulness of this method via further large-scale studies, in addition to ensuring its affordability and availability.